Ward’s
10 Best Engines competition has recognized outstanding powertrains for 21
years. This installment of the 2015 Behind the 10 Best Engines series looks at
the development of Hyundai’s
ground-breaking fuel-cell powertrain.
It’s
finally happened. Somebody built a hydrogen-powered vehicle people actually
want to drive. And it’s a Hyundai.
Like
modern-day alchemists, automakers have been trying to turn oxygen and hydrogen
into electricity for decades. They have poured billions into the development of
hydrogen-powered fuel cells for zero-emissions vehicles ranging from buses to
family sedans.
The
goal always has been to avoid the drawbacks of battery-electric vehicles: short
range, long recharging times and too much weight and cost. Progress has been
slow.
The
lack of a hydrogen refueling infrastructure is one reason, but the technology
itself has presented many hurdles. Packaging, cold weather and cost have been
problems. Worst of all, fuel cells have driven and sounded like science-fair
projects with lots of odd noises in the background. They were fun to drive for
about 10 minutes until the novelty wore off.
The ’15
Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell
arrives with none of this baggage. It is a delight to drive and wonderfully
quiet, even for an electric car. And it delivers on the fuel-cell promise,
offering 265 miles (426 km) on one tank of hydrogen stored at 10,000 psi (700
bar). Refueling takes minutes.
Fuel
cells have always been a chicken-and-egg proposition between vehicle technology
and fueling infrastructure. The Hyundai Tucson Fuel Cell
proves that vehicle technology now is ready for prime time. It is the first
truly commercial FCV to be offered, but others from Toyota, Honda and General
Motors are coming.
A
36-month lease costs $499 a month in California, with $3,000 down. Fuel is
free. Federal tax credits for FCVs expired at the end of 2014, but the Tucson
FCV still qualifies for state zero-emissions vehicle incentives and perks,
including coveted high-occupancy lane privileges, perhaps the most important incentive
of all in gridlocked California.
Hyundai also recently chopped
the price of the FCV in South Korea. A price cut for versions sold in Europe is
expected to be announced at the Geneva auto show in March.
The
Tucson FCV’s sticker was reduced from $144,000 to $77,000 in Hyundai’s home market.
Including government subsidies, the new lowered price to consumers should be
about $54,000.
Aside
from the slightly raised load floor in the rear cargo area that sits above the
main hydrogen tank, there are few hints the car is powered by the most advanced
propulsion system on the road today.
WardsAuto
editors were shocked at how refined and consumer-friendly the vehicle is
overall, with almost every score sheet featuring comments on the silky NVH. It
also did not suffer big range losses due to cold weather like our BEV test
cars.
However,
Hyundai Vice Chairman
Woong Chul Yang says it was a long road getting to where the company is today.
The
South Korean automaker started development work in 1998, working with a
fuel-cell stack supplier. Around 2004, it decided to engineer its own stack,
ultimately going through four generations to arrive at the current design,
which fits neatly in the standard Tucson’s engine compartment.
Like
other automakers, Hyundai
also experimented with various fuel storage strategies, including metal
hydrides (porous blocks of metal) and using an onboard reformer, a process that
turns gasoline into hydrogen with a miniature chemical plant under the hood.
However,
early on Hyundai engineers settled on the idea of storing gaseous hydrogen
onboard in high-pressure tanks as the most practical method. Picking this
strategy, which now has become an industry standard, allowed Hyundai to be
first to market with a truly scalable powertrain capable of being
mass-produced.
“We
were kind of a late starter but we finished first. Mercedes-Benz, Toyota, Ford,
GM and Honda have a long (development) history. Just 16 years (for Hyundai)
seems long, but it’s very short for fuel-cell development,” Yang tells
WardsAuto after accepting a 2015 Ward’s 10 Best Engines trophy for the Hyundai
Tucson FCV.
Hyundai plans to put the
powertrain in more vehicles but declines to give details. A fuel-cell- powered
bus already is available in South Korea. When the country hosts the Winter
Olympics in 2018, Hyundai wants to provide all fuel-cell-powered vehicles for
transportation related to the event, including buses.
Fuel
cells are much more scalable than BEV powertrains, Yang says, and they continue
to get smaller and more efficient with each new generation. As production
volumes go up, the cost of the systems can go down dramatically. “It’s easier
to squeeze out more range and bring down costs than with BEVs,” Yang says.
We
asked him how Hyundai managed to eliminate the annoying fan and compressor
noises typical of FCVs, and he says it’s how air is managed when it is pumped
into the fuel-cell stack.
“We use
a little lower pressure than the other companies,” he says. Putting more
pressure on the supply air entering the fuel-cell stack would increase
efficiency, but it also creates noise and other issues, he says. So Hyundai
engineers chose to sacrifice some efficiency in order to improve NVH and other
aspects of operation.
One of
the biggest development challenges was organizational, Yang says. Not
surprisingly, many inside the company questioned the money and resources being
spent on fuel cells over the years. It was difficult to gain consensus in
middle management, and he is proud Hyundai’s top
management never wavered in its support. “We were very fortunate,” he says.
Convincing
major insurance companies to insure the car was another giant hurdle, says Mike
O’Brien, vice president-Corporate and Product Planning.
“Nobody
had ever titled any of these vehicles in the hand of an owner. All the fuel
cells you’ve seen in the past were owned by big car companies with their
license and registration,” he says.
Hyundai spent
months explaining hydrogen fuel systems to insurance companies who were
understandably concerned about safety. Now customers can insure a
fuel-cell-powered car like any other.
“There
is no reason to have a concern with hydrogen. It disperses in milliseconds; it
goes up (instead of puddling like heavier-than-air gasoline vapors). In most
every way it is safer than gasoline. But it’s different and new and people
worry,” O’Brien says.
Hyundai leased 54 FCVs in
2014. It expects to expand that number to hundreds and then thousands as
hydrogen refueling is expanded in California and the Northeast. New York alone
is expected to add 100 H2 stations by 2020.
“Where
there’s infrastructure there will be cars. We get letters and emails every day
from customers who want the fuel-cell vehicle all around the U.S., but we can
only sell the cars where they can get the fuel. We’ve been working very hard
with the Northeastern states to find a quicker solution to that,” O’Brien says.
Toyota
has the same mindset. Bob Carter, senior vice president-Automotive Operations
for Toyota Motor Sales U.S.A., says he has asked for a “substantial” increase
in supplies of its Mirai FCV after 16,000 potential U.S. buyers expressed
interest in the 4-seater, which debuts late this year. “We really haven’t done
any marketing, (so) that’s a lot of activity,” he says. When it announced the
Mirai, Toyota said it would collaborate with Air Liquide of France on 12
hydrogen stations for Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York and
Rhode Island.
Tightening
rules regarding zero-emissions vehicles and credits for automakers in
California and 17 other states are driving this activity. California wants 1.4
million ZEVs and PHEVs on its roads by 2025, and its regulations will compel
automakers to put a large share of FCVs in the mix.
Yes, we
saw the industry’s plans for hydrogen-powered vehicles fall flat 10 years ago,
but Hyundai’s brilliantly
executed Tucson Fuel Cell shows that this time, it’s the real deal.
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